= Faye::WebSocket

This is a robust, general-purpose WebSocket implementation extracted from the
{Faye}[http://faye.jcoglan.com] project. It provides classes for easily building
WebSocket servers and clients in Ruby. It does not provide a server itself, but
rather makes it easy to handle WebSocket connections within an existing
{Rack}[http://rack.rubyforge.org/] application. It does not provide any
abstraction other than the standard
{WebSocket API}[http://dev.w3.org/html5/websockets/].

Currently, the following web servers are supported, and can be accessed directly
or via HAProxy:

* {Thin}[http://code.macournoyer.com/thin/]
* {Rainbows}[http://rainbows.rubyforge.org/] using EventMachine
* {Goliath}[http://postrank-labs.github.com/goliath/]

The server-side socket can process {draft-75}[http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-hixie-thewebsocketprotocol-75],
{draft-76}[http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-hixie-thewebsocketprotocol-76],
{hybi-07}[http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-hybi-thewebsocketprotocol-07]
and later versions of the protocol. It selects protocol versions automatically,
supports both +text+ and +binary+ messages, and transparently handles +ping+,
+pong+, +close+ and fragmented messages.


== Accepting WebSocket connections in Rack

You can handle WebSockets on the server side by listening for HTTP Upgrade
requests, and creating a new socket for the request. This socket object exposes
the usual WebSocket methods for receiving and sending messages. For example this
is how you'd implement an echo server:

    # app.rb
    require 'faye/websocket'
    
    App = lambda do |env|
      if env['HTTP_UPGRADE']
        ws = Faye::WebSocket.new(env)
        
        ws.onmessage = lambda do |event|
          ws.send(event.data)
        end
        
        ws.onclose = lambda do |event|
          p [:close, event.code, event.reason]
          ws = nil
        end
        
        # Return async Rack response
        socket.rack_response
        
      else
        # Normal HTTP request
        [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/plain'}, ['Hello']]
      end
    end

This is a standard Rack app, so it can be run using a <tt>config.ru</tt> file.
However, so that incoming requests can be properly prepared to process WebSocket
connections, you need to tell <tt>Faye::WebSocket</tt> which adapter to load;
this can be either +thin+, +rainbows+ or +goliath+. If one of these servers is
already loaded before <tt>faye/websocket</tt> is loaded, it will load
appropriate adapters automatically.

    # config.ru
    require './app'
    Faye::WebSocket.load_adapter('thin')
    run App


=== Running the app with Thin

Thin can be started via the command line if you've set up a <tt>config.ru</tt>
file for your application:

    thin start -R config.ru -p 9292

Or, you can use +rackup+. In development mode, this adds middlewares that don't
work with async apps, so you must start it in production mode:

    rackup config.ru -s thin -E production -p 9292

It can also be started using the <tt>Rack::Handler</tt> interface common to many
Ruby servers. It must be run using EventMachine, and you can configure Thin
further in a block passed to +run+:

    require 'eventmachine'
    require 'rack'
    require 'thin'
    require './app'
    
    EM.run {
      thin = Rack::Handler.get('thin')
      
      thin.run(App, :Port => 9292) do |server|
        # You can set options on the server here, for example to set up SSL:
        server.ssl_options = {
          :private_key_file => 'path/to/ssl.key',
          :cert_chain_file  => 'path/to/ssl.crt'
        }
        server.ssl = true
      end
    }


=== Running the app with Rainbows

<tt>Faye::WebSocket</tt> can only be run using EventMachine. To begin with,
you'll need a Rainbows config file that tells it to use EventMachine, along with
whatever Rainbows/Unicorn configuration you require.

    # rainbows.conf
    Rainbows! do
      use :EventMachine
    end

You can then run your <tt>config.ru</tt> file from the command line. Again,
<tt>Rack::Lint</tt> will complain unless you put the application in production
mode.

    rainbows config.ru -c path/to/rainbows.conf -E production -p 9292

Rainbows also has a Ruby API for starting a server:

    require 'rainbows'
    require './app'
    
    rackup = Unicorn::Configurator::RACKUP
    rackup[:port] = 9292
    rackup[:set_listener] = true
    options = rackup[:options]
    options[:config_file] = 'path/to/rainbows.conf'
    
    server = Rainbows::HttpServer.new(App, options)
    
    # This is non-blocking; use server.start.join to block
    server.start


=== Running the app with Goliath

Goliath can be made to run arbitrary Rack apps by delegating to them from a
<tt>Goliath::API</tt> instance. A simple server looks like this:

    require 'goliath'
    require './app'
    
    class EchoServer < Goliath::API
      def response(env)
        App.call(env)
      end
    end

<tt>Faye::WebSocket</tt> can also be used inline within a Goliath app:

    require 'goliath'
    require 'faye/websocket'
    
    class EchoServer < Goliath::API
      def response(env)
        ws = Faye::WebSocket.new(env)
        
        ws.onmessage = lambda do |event|
          ws.send(event.data)
        end
        
        ws.rack_response
      end
    end


== Using the WebSocket client

The client supports both the plain-text +ws+ protocol and the encrypted +wss+
protocol, and has exactly the same interface as a socket you would use in a web
browser. On the wire it identifies itself as hybi-13, though it's compatible
with servers speaking later versions of the protocol.

    require 'faye/websocket'
    require 'eventmachine'
    
    EM.run {
      ws = Faye::WebSocket::Client.new('ws://www.example.com/')
      
      ws.onopen = lambda do |event|
        p [:open]
        ws.send('Hello, world!')
      end
      
      ws.onmessage = lambda do |event|
        p [:message, event.data]
      end
      
      ws.onclose = lambda do |event|
        p [:close, event.code, event.reason]
        ws = nil
      end
    }


== Subprotocol negotiation

The WebSocket protocol allows peers to select and identify the application
protocol to use over the connection. On the client side, you can set which
protocols the client accepts by passing a list of protocol names when you
construct the socket:

    ws = Faye::WebSocket::Client.new('ws://www.example.com/', ['irc', 'amqp'])

On the server side, you can likewise pass in the list of protocols the server
supports after the other constructor arguments:

    ws = Faye::WebSocket.new(env, ['irc', 'amqp'])

If the client and server agree on a protocol, both the client- and server-side
socket objects expose the selected protocol through the <tt>ws.protocol</tt>
property. If they cannot agree on a protocol to use, the client closes the
connection.


== WebSocket API

The WebSocket API consists of several event handlers and a method for sending
messages.

* <b><tt>onopen</tt></b> fires when the socket connection is established. Event
  has no attributes.
* <b><tt>onerror</tt></b> fires when the connection attempt fails. Event has no
  attributes.
* <b><tt>onmessage</tt></b> fires when the socket receives a message. Event has
  one attribute, <b><tt>data</tt></b>, which is either a +String+ (for text
  frames) or an +Array+ of byte-sized integers (for binary frames).
* <b><tt>onclose</tt></b> fires when either the client or the server closes the
  connection. Event has two optional attributes, <b><tt>code</tt></b> and
  <b><tt>reason</tt></b>, that expose the status code and message sent by the
  peer that closed the connection.
* <b><tt>send(message)</tt></b> accepts either a +String+ or an +Array+ of
  byte-sized integers and sends a text or binary message over the connection to
  the other peer.
* <b><tt>close(code, reason)</tt></b> closes the connection, sending the given
  status code and reason text, both of which are optional.
* <b><tt>protocol</tt></b> is a string (which may be empty) identifying the
  subprotocol the socket is using.


== License

(The MIT License)

Copyright (c) 2009-2011 James Coglan

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the 'Software'), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the
Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.