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Dan Abramov
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<title>Composition vs Inheritance - React</title>
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<a class="edit-page-link" href="https://github.com/facebook/react/tree/master/docs/docs/composition-vs-inheritance.md" target="_blank">Edit on GitHub</a>
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<h1>
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Composition vs Inheritance
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</h1>
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<div class="subHeader"></div>
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<p>React has a powerful composition model, and we recommend using composition instead of inheritance to reuse code between components.</p>
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<p>In this section, we will consider a few problems where developers new to React often reach for inheritance, and show how we can solve them with composition.</p>
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<h2>Containment</h2>
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<p>Some components don't know their children ahead of time. This is especially common for components like <code>Sidebar</code> or <code>Dialog</code> that represent generic "boxes".</p>
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<p>We recommend that such components use the special <code>children</code> prop to pass children elements directly into their output:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-js" data-lang="js"><span class="kd">function</span> <span class="nx">FancyBorder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">div</span> <span class="nx">className</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'FancyBorder FancyBorder-'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">color</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">></span>
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<span class="hll"> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">children</span><span class="p">}</span>
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</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/div></span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<p>This lets other components pass arbitrary children to them by nesting the JSX:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-js" data-lang="js"><span class="kd">function</span> <span class="nx">WelcomeDialog</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">FancyBorder</span> <span class="nx">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"blue"</span><span class="o">></span>
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<span class="hll"> <span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">h1</span> <span class="nx">className</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Dialog-title"</span><span class="o">></span>
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</span><span class="hll"> <span class="nx">Welcome</span>
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</span><span class="hll"> <span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/h1></span>
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</span><span class="hll"> <span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">p</span> <span class="nx">className</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Dialog-message"</span><span class="o">></span>
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</span><span class="hll"> <span class="nx">Thank</span> <span class="nx">you</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nx">visiting</span> <span class="nx">our</span> <span class="nx">spacecraft</span><span class="o">!</span>
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</span><span class="hll"> <span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/p></span>
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</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/FancyBorder></span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<p><a href="https://codepen.io/gaearon/pen/ozqNOV?editors=0010">Try it on CodePen.</a></p>
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<p>Anything inside the <code><FancyBorder></code> JSX tag gets passed into the <code>FancyBorder</code> component as a <code>children</code> prop. Since <code>FancyBorder</code> renders <code>{props.children}</code> inside a <code><div></code>, the passed elements appear in the final output.</p>
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<p>While this is less common, sometimes you might need multiple "holes" in a component. In such cases you may come up with your own convention instead of using <code>children</code>:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-js" data-lang="js"><span class="kd">function</span> <span class="nx">SplitPane</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">div</span> <span class="nx">className</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"SplitPane"</span><span class="o">></span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">div</span> <span class="nx">className</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"SplitPane-left"</span><span class="o">></span>
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<span class="hll"> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">left</span><span class="p">}</span>
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</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/div></span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">div</span> <span class="nx">className</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"SplitPane-right"</span><span class="o">></span>
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<span class="hll"> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">right</span><span class="p">}</span>
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</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/div></span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/div></span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="kd">function</span> <span class="nx">App</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">SplitPane</span>
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<span class="nx">left</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="hll"> <span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">Contacts</span> <span class="o">/></span>
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</span> <span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="nx">right</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="hll"> <span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">Chat</span> <span class="o">/></span>
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</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="o">/></span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<p><a href="https://codepen.io/gaearon/pen/gwZOJp?editors=0010">Try it on CodePen.</a></p>
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<p>React elements like <code><Contacts /></code> and <code><Chat /></code> are just objects, so you can pass them as props like any other data.</p>
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<h2>Specialization</h2>
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<p>Sometimes we think about components as being "special cases" of other components. For example, we might say that a <code>WelcomeDialog</code> is a special case of <code>Dialog</code>.</p>
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<p>In React, this is also achieved by composition, where a more "specific" component renders a more "generic" one and configures it with props:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-js" data-lang="js"><span class="kd">function</span> <span class="nx">Dialog</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">FancyBorder</span> <span class="nx">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"blue"</span><span class="o">></span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">h1</span> <span class="nx">className</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Dialog-title"</span><span class="o">></span>
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<span class="hll"> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="p">}</span>
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</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/h1></span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">p</span> <span class="nx">className</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Dialog-message"</span><span class="o">></span>
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<span class="hll"> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">message</span><span class="p">}</span>
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</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/p></span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/FancyBorder></span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="kd">function</span> <span class="nx">WelcomeDialog</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="hll"> <span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">Dialog</span>
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</span><span class="hll"> <span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Welcome"</span>
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</span><span class="hll"> <span class="nx">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Thank you for visiting our spacecraft!"</span> <span class="o">/></span>
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</span> <span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<p><a href="https://codepen.io/gaearon/pen/kkEaOZ?editors=0010">Try it on CodePen.</a></p>
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<p>Composition works equally well for components defined as classes:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-js" data-lang="js"><span class="kd">function</span> <span class="nx">Dialog</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">FancyBorder</span> <span class="nx">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"blue"</span><span class="o">></span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">h1</span> <span class="nx">className</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Dialog-title"</span><span class="o">></span>
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<span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/h1></span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">p</span> <span class="nx">className</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Dialog-message"</span><span class="o">></span>
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<span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">message</span><span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/p></span>
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<span class="hll"> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">children</span><span class="p">}</span>
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</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/FancyBorder></span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="kr">class</span> <span class="nx">SignUpDialog</span> <span class="kr">extends</span> <span class="nx">React</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Component</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="nx">constructor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="kr">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">handleChange</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">handleChange</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">handleSignUp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">handleSignUp</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">state</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">login</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">};</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="nx">render</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">Dialog</span> <span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Mars Exploration Program"</span>
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<span class="nx">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"How should we refer to you?"</span><span class="o">></span>
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<span class="hll"> <span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">login</span><span class="p">}</span>
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</span><span class="hll"> <span class="nx">onChange</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">handleChange</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="o">/></span>
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</span><span class="hll"> <span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">button</span> <span class="nx">onClick</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">handleSignUp</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">></span>
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</span><span class="hll"> <span class="nx">Sign</span> <span class="nx">Me</span> <span class="nx">Up</span><span class="o">!</span>
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</span><span class="hll"> <span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/button></span>
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</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/Dialog></span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="nx">handleChange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">e</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">setState</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="nx">login</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">});</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="nx">handleSignUp</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="nx">alert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="nx">Welcome</span> <span class="nx">aboard</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">login</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="err">`</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<p><a href="https://codepen.io/gaearon/pen/gwZbYa?editors=0010">Try it on CodePen.</a></p>
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<h2>So What About Inheritance?</h2>
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<p>At Facebook, we use React in thousands of components, and we haven't found any use cases where we would recommend creating component inheritance hierarchies.</p>
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<p>Props and composition give you all the flexibility you need to customize a component's look and behavior in an explicit and safe way. Remember that components may accept arbitrary props, including primitive values, React elements, or functions.</p>
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<p>If you want to reuse non-UI functionality between components, we suggest extracting it into a separate JavaScript module. The components may import it and use that function, object, or a class, without extending it.</p>
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<div class="docs-prevnext">
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<a class="docs-prev" href="/react/docs/lifting-state-up.html">← Prev</a>
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<h3>Quick Start</h3>
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