feat(jest): move Jest config to use a custom react-native Jest env (#34971)

Summary:
This PR is the follow up to the conversation started here by SimenB: https://github.com/react-native-community/discussions-and-proposals/issues/509

Basically, we want to move RN to use its own custom environment so that we can tweak it going forward - this PR in fact only sets up the groundwork for that; robhogan mentioned that with this in place, Meta engineers can
> iterate on it (with jest-environment-node as a starting point) against our internal product tests

This is also connected to Rob's work to bring Jest 29 into the codebase https://github.com/facebook/react-native/pull/34724 and my "mirror" PR to bring template in main up to the same version (https://github.com/facebook/react-native/pull/34972)

## Changelog

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[General] [Changed] - move Jest config to use a custom react-native Jest env

Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/react-native/pull/34971

Test Plan: Tested that `yarn test` in main works fine after the changes; CI and Meta's internal CI will also serve the purpose of verifying that it works (but there's no reason not to since it's still pretty much just relying on `node`).

Reviewed By: huntie

Differential Revision: D40379760

Pulled By: robhogan

fbshipit-source-id: 2c6d0bc86d337fda9befce0799bda2f56cc4466c

jest-preset.js

@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ module.exports = {
     'node_modules/(?!((jest-)?react-native|@react-native(-community)?)/)',
   ],
   setupFiles: [require.resolve('./jest/setup.js')],
-  testEnvironment: 'node',
+  testEnvironment: require.resolve('./jest/react-native-env.js'),
 };

jest/react-native-env.js

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+ *
+ * @format
+ */
+
+'use strict';
+
+const NodeEnv = require('jest-environment-node').TestEnvironment;
+
+module.exports = class ReactNativeEnv extends NodeEnv {
+  // this is where we'll add our custom logic
+};

package.json

@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@
     "base64-js": "^1.1.2",
     "event-target-shim": "^5.0.1",
     "invariant": "^2.2.4",
+    "jest-environment-node": "^29.0.3",
     "jsc-android": "^250230.2.1",
     "memoize-one": "^5.0.0",
     "metro-react-native-babel-transformer": "0.72.3",