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Dan Abramov
560 lines
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HTML
560 lines
28 KiB
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<title>Typechecking With PropTypes - React</title>
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<a class="edit-page-link" href="https://github.com/facebook/react/tree/master/docs/docs/typechecking-with-proptypes.md" target="_blank">Edit on GitHub</a>
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<h1>
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Typechecking With PropTypes
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</h1>
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<div class="subHeader"></div>
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<blockquote>
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<p>Note:</p>
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<p><code>React.PropTypes</code> has moved into a different package since React v15.5. Please use <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/prop-types">the <code>prop-types</code> library instead</a>.</p>
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<p>We provide <a href="/react/blog/2017/04/07/react-v15.5.0.html#migrating-from-react.proptypes">a codemod script</a> to automate the conversion.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>As your app grows, you can catch a lot of bugs with typechecking. For some applications, you can use JavaScript extensions like <a href="https://flowtype.org/">Flow</a> or <a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/">TypeScript</a> to typecheck your whole application. But even if you don't use those, React has some built-in typechecking abilities. To run typechecking on the props for a component, you can assign the special <code>propTypes</code> property:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-javascript" data-lang="javascript"><span class="kr">import</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span> <span class="nx">from</span> <span class="s1">'prop-types'</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<span class="kr">class</span> <span class="nx">Greeting</span> <span class="kr">extends</span> <span class="nx">React</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Component</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="nx">render</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">h1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="nx">Hello</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/h1></span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="nx">Greeting</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">propTypes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">string</span>
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<span class="p">};</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<p><code>PropTypes</code> exports a range of validators that can be used to make sure the data you receive is valid. In this example, we're using <code>PropTypes.string</code>. When an invalid value is provided for a prop, a warning will be shown in the JavaScript console. For performance reasons, <code>propTypes</code> is only checked in development mode.</p>
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<h3>PropTypes</h3>
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<p>Here is an example documenting the different validators provided:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-javascript" data-lang="javascript"><span class="kr">import</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span> <span class="nx">from</span> <span class="s1">'prop-types'</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<span class="nx">MyComponent</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">propTypes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="c1">// You can declare that a prop is a specific JS primitive. By default, these</span>
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<span class="c1">// are all optional.</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalArray</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalBool</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">bool</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalFunc</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalNumber</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">number</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalObject</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">object</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalString</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalSymbol</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">symbol</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="c1">// Anything that can be rendered: numbers, strings, elements or an array</span>
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<span class="c1">// (or fragment) containing these types.</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalNode</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">node</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="c1">// A React element.</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalElement</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">element</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="c1">// You can also declare that a prop is an instance of a class. This uses</span>
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<span class="c1">// JS's instanceof operator.</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalMessage</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">instanceOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">Message</span><span class="p">),</span>
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<span class="c1">// You can ensure that your prop is limited to specific values by treating</span>
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<span class="c1">// it as an enum.</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalEnum</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">oneOf</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">'News'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Photos'</span><span class="p">]),</span>
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<span class="c1">// An object that could be one of many types</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalUnion</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">oneOfType</span><span class="p">([</span>
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<span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">number</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">instanceOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">Message</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="p">]),</span>
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<span class="c1">// An array of a certain type</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalArrayOf</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">arrayOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">number</span><span class="p">),</span>
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<span class="c1">// An object with property values of a certain type</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalObjectOf</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">objectOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">number</span><span class="p">),</span>
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<span class="c1">// An object taking on a particular shape</span>
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<span class="nx">optionalObjectWithShape</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">shape</span><span class="p">({</span>
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<span class="nx">color</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="nx">fontSize</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">number</span>
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<span class="p">}),</span>
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<span class="c1">// You can chain any of the above with `isRequired` to make sure a warning</span>
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<span class="c1">// is shown if the prop isn't provided.</span>
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<span class="nx">requiredFunc</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">isRequired</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="c1">// A value of any data type</span>
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<span class="nx">requiredAny</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">any</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">isRequired</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="c1">// You can also specify a custom validator. It should return an Error</span>
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<span class="c1">// object if the validation fails. Don't `console.warn` or throw, as this</span>
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<span class="c1">// won't work inside `oneOfType`.</span>
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<span class="nx">customProp</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">propName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">componentName</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="sr">/matchme/</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">propName</span><span class="p">]))</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nb">Error</span><span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="s1">'Invalid prop `'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nx">propName</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">'` supplied to'</span> <span class="o">+</span>
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<span class="s1">' `'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nx">componentName</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">'`. Validation failed.'</span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="p">},</span>
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<span class="c1">// You can also supply a custom validator to `arrayOf` and `objectOf`.</span>
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<span class="c1">// It should return an Error object if the validation fails. The validator</span>
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<span class="c1">// will be called for each key in the array or object. The first two</span>
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<span class="c1">// arguments of the validator are the array or object itself, and the</span>
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<span class="c1">// current item's key.</span>
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<span class="nx">customArrayProp</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">arrayOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">propValue</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">componentName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">location</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">propFullName</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="sr">/matchme/</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">propValue</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="p">]))</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nb">Error</span><span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="s1">'Invalid prop `'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nx">propFullName</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">'` supplied to'</span> <span class="o">+</span>
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<span class="s1">' `'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nx">componentName</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">'`. Validation failed.'</span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="p">})</span>
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<span class="p">};</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<h3>Requiring Single Child</h3>
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<p>With <code>PropTypes.element</code> you can specify that only a single child can be passed to a component as children.</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-javascript" data-lang="javascript"><span class="kr">import</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span> <span class="nx">from</span> <span class="s1">'prop-types'</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
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<span class="kr">class</span> <span class="nx">MyComponent</span> <span class="kr">extends</span> <span class="nx">React</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Component</span> <span class="p">{</span>
|
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<span class="nx">render</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="c1">// This must be exactly one element or it will warn.</span>
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<span class="kr">const</span> <span class="nx">children</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">children</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">div</span><span class="o">></span>
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<span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">children</span><span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/div></span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="nx">MyComponent</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">propTypes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="nx">children</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">PropTypes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">element</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">isRequired</span>
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<span class="p">};</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<h3>Default Prop Values</h3>
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<p>You can define default values for your <code>props</code> by assigning to the special <code>defaultProps</code> property:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-javascript" data-lang="javascript"><span class="kr">class</span> <span class="nx">Greeting</span> <span class="kr">extends</span> <span class="nx">React</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Component</span> <span class="p">{</span>
|
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<span class="nx">render</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">h1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="nx">Hello</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="err">/h1></span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="c1">// Specifies the default values for props:</span>
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<span class="nx">Greeting</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">defaultProps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">'Stranger'</span>
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<span class="p">};</span>
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<span class="c1">// Renders "Hello, Stranger":</span>
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<span class="nx">ReactDOM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">render</span><span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">Greeting</span> <span class="o">/></span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'example'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<p>The <code>defaultProps</code> will be used to ensure that <code>this.props.name</code> will have a value if it was not specified by the parent component. The <code>propTypes</code> typechecking happens after <code>defaultProps</code> are resolved, so typechecking will also apply to the <code>defaultProps</code>.</p>
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<div class="docs-prevnext">
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</div>
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