diff --git a/src/addons/ReactFragment.js b/src/addons/ReactFragment.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e6afbd75f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/addons/ReactFragment.js
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright 2015, Facebook, Inc.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant
+ * of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.
+ *
+* @providesModule ReactFragment
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+var ReactElement = require('ReactElement');
+
+var warning = require('warning');
+
+/**
+ * We used to allow keyed objects to serve as a collection of ReactElements,
+ * or nested sets. This allowed us a way to explicitly key a set a fragment of
+ * components. This is now being replaced with an opaque data structure.
+ * The upgrade path is to call React.addons.createFragment({ key: value }) to
+ * create a keyed fragment. The resulting data structure is opaque, for now.
+ */
+
+if (__DEV__) {
+  var fragmentKey = '_reactFragment';
+  var didWarnKey = '_reactDidWarn';
+  var canWarnForReactFragment = false;
+
+  try {
+    // Feature test. Don't even try to issue this warning if we can't use
+    // enumerable: false.
+
+    var dummy = function() {
+      return 1;
+    };
+
+    Object.defineProperty(
+      {},
+      fragmentKey,
+      { enumerable: false, value: true }
+    );
+
+    Object.defineProperty(
+      {},
+      'key',
+      { enumerable: true, get: dummy }
+    );
+
+    canWarnForReactFragment = true;
+  } catch (x) { }
+
+  var proxyPropertyAccessWithWarning = function(obj, key) {
+    Object.defineProperty(obj, key, {
+      enumerable: true,
+      get: function() {
+        warning(
+          this[didWarnKey],
+          'A ReactFragment is an opaque type. Accessing any of its ' +
+          'properties is deprecated. Pass it to one of the React.Children ' +
+          'helpers.'
+        );
+        this[didWarnKey] = true;
+        return this[fragmentKey][key];
+      },
+      set: function(value) {
+        warning(
+          this[didWarnKey],
+          'A ReactFragment is an immutable opaque type. Mutating its ' +
+          'properties is deprecated.'
+        );
+        this[didWarnKey] = true;
+        this[fragmentKey][key] = value;
+      }
+    });
+  };
+
+  var issuedWarnings = {};
+
+  var didWarnForFragment = function(fragment) {
+    // We use the keys and the type of the value as a heuristic to dedupe the
+    // warning to avoid spamming too much.
+    var fragmentCacheKey = '';
+    for (var key in fragment) {
+      fragmentCacheKey += key + ':' + (typeof fragment[key]) + ',';
+    }
+    var alreadyWarnedOnce = !!issuedWarnings[fragmentCacheKey];
+    issuedWarnings[fragmentCacheKey] = true;
+    return alreadyWarnedOnce;
+  };
+}
+
+var ReactFragment = {
+  // Wrap a keyed object in an opaque proxy that warns you if you access any
+  // of its properties.
+  create: function(object) {
+    if (__DEV__) {
+      if (canWarnForReactFragment) {
+        var proxy = {};
+        Object.defineProperty(proxy, fragmentKey, {
+          enumerable: false,
+          value: object
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(proxy, didWarnKey, {
+          writable: true,
+          enumerable: false,
+          value: false
+        });
+        for (var key in object) {
+          proxyPropertyAccessWithWarning(proxy, key);
+        }
+        Object.preventExtensions(proxy);
+        return proxy;
+      }
+    }
+    return object;
+  },
+  // Extract the original keyed object from the fragment opaque type. Warn if
+  // a plain object is passed here.
+  extract: function(fragment) {
+    if (__DEV__) {
+      if (canWarnForReactFragment) {
+        if (!fragment[fragmentKey]) {
+          warning(
+            didWarnForFragment(fragment),
+            'Any use of a keyed object should be wrapped in ' +
+            'React.addons.createFragment(object) before passed as a child.'
+          );
+          return fragment;
+        }
+        return fragment[fragmentKey];
+      }
+    }
+    return fragment;
+  },
+  // Check if this is a fragment and if so, extract the keyed object. If it
+  // is a fragment-like object, warn that it should be wrapped. Ignore if we
+  // can't determine what kind of object this is.
+  extractIfFragment: function(fragment) {
+    if (__DEV__) {
+      if (canWarnForReactFragment) {
+        // If it is the opaque type, return the keyed object.
+        if (fragment[fragmentKey]) {
+          return fragment[fragmentKey];
+        }
+        // Otherwise, check each property if it has an element, if it does
+        // it is probably meant as a fragment, so we can warn early. Defer,
+        // the warning to extract.
+        for (var key in fragment) {
+          if (fragment.hasOwnProperty(key) &&
+              ReactElement.isValidElement(fragment[key])) {
+            // This looks like a fragment object, we should provide an
+            // early warning.
+            return ReactFragment.extract(fragment);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return fragment;
+  }
+};
+
+module.exports = ReactFragment;
diff --git a/src/addons/__tests__/ReactFragment-test.js b/src/addons/__tests__/ReactFragment-test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7025f8029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/addons/__tests__/ReactFragment-test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright 2015, Facebook, Inc.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant
+ * of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.
+ *
+ * @emails react-core
+ */
+
+'use strict';
+
+var React;
+var ReactFragment;
+
+describe('ReactFragment', function() {
+
+  beforeEach(function() {
+    React = require('React');
+    ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
+  });
+
+  it('should warn if a plain object is used as a child', function() {
+    spyOn(console, 'warn');
+    var children = {
+      x: <span />,
+      y: <span />
+    };
+    <div>{children}</div>;
+    expect(console.warn.calls.length).toBe(1);
+    expect(console.warn.calls[0].args[0]).toContain(
+      'Any use of a keyed object'
+    );
+    // Only warn once for the same set of children
+    var sameChildren = {
+      x: <span />,
+      y: <span />
+    };
+    <div>{sameChildren}</div>;
+    expect(console.warn.calls.length).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it('should warn if a plain object even if it is deep', function() {
+    spyOn(console, 'warn');
+    var children = {
+      x: <span />,
+      y: <span />,
+      z: <span />
+    };
+    var element = <div>{[children]}</div>;
+    expect(console.warn.calls.length).toBe(0);
+    var container = document.createElement('div');
+    React.render(element, container);
+    expect(console.warn.calls.length).toBe(1);
+    expect(console.warn.calls[0].args[0]).toContain(
+      'Any use of a keyed object'
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should warn if accessing any property on a fragment', function() {
+    spyOn(console, 'warn');
+    var children = {
+      x: <span />,
+      y: <span />
+    };
+    var frag = ReactFragment.create(children);
+    frag.x;
+    frag.y = 10;
+    expect(console.warn.calls.length).toBe(1);
+    expect(console.warn.calls[0].args[0]).toContain(
+      'A ReactFragment is an opaque type'
+    );
+  });
+
+});
diff --git a/src/addons/transitions/ReactTransitionChildMapping.js b/src/addons/transitions/ReactTransitionChildMapping.js
index c339196e4a..1daa1e1666 100644
--- a/src/addons/transitions/ReactTransitionChildMapping.js
+++ b/src/addons/transitions/ReactTransitionChildMapping.js
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 'use strict';
 
 var ReactChildren = require('ReactChildren');
+var ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
 
 var ReactTransitionChildMapping = {
   /**
@@ -23,9 +24,12 @@ var ReactTransitionChildMapping = {
    * @return {object} Mapping of key to child
    */
   getChildMapping: function(children) {
-    return ReactChildren.map(children, function(child) {
+    if (!children) {
+      return children;
+    }
+    return ReactFragment.extract(ReactChildren.map(children, function(child) {
       return child;
-    });
+    }));
   },
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/addons/transitions/ReactTransitionGroup.js b/src/addons/transitions/ReactTransitionGroup.js
index 448f2f3554..bb99b66284 100644
--- a/src/addons/transitions/ReactTransitionGroup.js
+++ b/src/addons/transitions/ReactTransitionGroup.js
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ var ReactTransitionGroup = React.createClass({
   render: function() {
     // TODO: we could get rid of the need for the wrapper node
     // by cloning a single child
-    var childrenToRender = {};
+    var childrenToRender = [];
     for (var key in this.state.children) {
       var child = this.state.children[key];
       if (child) {
@@ -211,10 +211,10 @@ var ReactTransitionGroup = React.createClass({
         // already been removed. In case you need this behavior you can provide
         // a childFactory function to wrap every child, even the ones that are
         // leaving.
-        childrenToRender[key] = cloneWithProps(
+        childrenToRender.push(cloneWithProps(
           this.props.childFactory(child),
-          {ref: key}
-        );
+          {ref: key, key: key}
+        ));
       }
     }
     return React.createElement(
diff --git a/src/browser/ReactWithAddons.js b/src/browser/ReactWithAddons.js
index 6a70b210e7..6dfe9da083 100644
--- a/src/browser/ReactWithAddons.js
+++ b/src/browser/ReactWithAddons.js
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ var React = require('React');
 var ReactComponentWithPureRenderMixin =
   require('ReactComponentWithPureRenderMixin');
 var ReactCSSTransitionGroup = require('ReactCSSTransitionGroup');
+var ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
 var ReactTransitionGroup = require('ReactTransitionGroup');
 var ReactUpdates = require('ReactUpdates');
 
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ React.addons = {
   batchedUpdates: ReactUpdates.batchedUpdates,
   classSet: cx,
   cloneWithProps: cloneWithProps,
+  createFragment: ReactFragment.create,
   update: update
 };
 
diff --git a/src/browser/__tests__/ReactDOM-test.js b/src/browser/__tests__/ReactDOM-test.js
index 31fc33a514..2feace23ad 100644
--- a/src/browser/__tests__/ReactDOM-test.js
+++ b/src/browser/__tests__/ReactDOM-test.js
@@ -75,37 +75,37 @@ describe('ReactDOM', function() {
    */
   it("should purge the DOM cache when removing nodes", function() {
     var myDiv = ReactTestUtils.renderIntoDocument(
-      <div>{{
-        theDog: <div className="dog" />,
-        theBird: <div className="bird" />
-      }}</div>
+      <div>
+        <div key="theDog" className="dog" />,
+        <div key="theBird" className="bird" />
+      </div>
     );
     // Warm the cache with theDog
     myDiv.setProps({
-      children: {
-        theDog: <div className="dogbeforedelete" />,
-        theBird: <div className="bird" />
-      }
+      children: [
+        <div key="theDog" className="dogbeforedelete" />,
+        <div key="theBird" className="bird" />
+      ]
     });
     // Remove theDog - this should purge the cache
     myDiv.setProps({
-      children: {
-        theBird: <div className="bird" />
-      }
+      children: [
+        <div key="theBird" className="bird" />
+      ]
     });
     // Now, put theDog back. It's now a different DOM node.
     myDiv.setProps({
-      children: {
-        theDog: <div className="dog" />,
-        theBird: <div className="bird" />
-      }
+      children: [
+        <div key="theDog" className="dog" />,
+        <div key="theBird" className="bird" />
+      ]
     });
     // Change the className of theDog. It will use the same element
     myDiv.setProps({
-      children: {
-        theDog: <div className="bigdog" />,
-        theBird: <div className="bird" />
-      }
+      children: [
+        <div key="theDog" className="bigdog" />,
+        <div key="theBird" className="bird" />
+      ]
     });
     var root = myDiv.getDOMNode();
     var dog = root.childNodes[0];
diff --git a/src/classic/element/ReactElementValidator.js b/src/classic/element/ReactElementValidator.js
index 52d69d5e6e..c1c7e30607 100644
--- a/src/classic/element/ReactElementValidator.js
+++ b/src/classic/element/ReactElementValidator.js
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 'use strict';
 
 var ReactElement = require('ReactElement');
+var ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
 var ReactPropTypeLocations = require('ReactPropTypeLocations');
 var ReactPropTypeLocationNames = require('ReactPropTypeLocationNames');
 var ReactCurrentOwner = require('ReactCurrentOwner');
@@ -175,21 +176,6 @@ function warnAndMonitorForKeyUse(warningID, message, element, parentType) {
   console.warn(message);
 }
 
-/**
- * Log that we're using an object map. We're considering deprecating this
- * feature and replace it with proper Map and ImmutableMap data structures.
- *
- * @internal
- */
-function monitorUseOfObjectMap() {
-  var currentName = getCurrentOwnerDisplayName() || '';
-  if (ownerHasMonitoredObjectMap.hasOwnProperty(currentName)) {
-    return;
-  }
-  ownerHasMonitoredObjectMap[currentName] = true;
-  monitorCodeUse('react_object_map_children');
-}
-
 /**
  * Ensure that every element either is passed in a static location, in an
  * array with an explicit keys property defined, or in an object literal
@@ -213,19 +199,21 @@ function validateChildKeys(node, parentType) {
   } else if (node) {
     var iteratorFn = getIteratorFn(node);
     // Entry iterators provide implicit keys.
-    if (iteratorFn && iteratorFn !== node.entries) {
-      var iterator = iteratorFn.call(node);
-      var step;
-      while (!(step = iterator.next()).done) {
-        if (ReactElement.isValidElement(step.value)) {
-          validateExplicitKey(step.value, parentType);
+    if (iteratorFn) {
+      if (iteratorFn !== node.entries) {
+        var iterator = iteratorFn.call(node);
+        var step;
+        while (!(step = iterator.next()).done) {
+          if (ReactElement.isValidElement(step.value)) {
+            validateExplicitKey(step.value, parentType);
+          }
         }
       }
     } else if (typeof node === 'object') {
-      monitorUseOfObjectMap();
-      for (var key in node) {
-        if (node.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
-          validatePropertyKey(key, node[key], parentType);
+      var fragment = ReactFragment.extractIfFragment(node);
+      for (var key in fragment) {
+        if (fragment.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+          validatePropertyKey(key, fragment[key], parentType);
         }
       }
     }
diff --git a/src/classic/element/__tests__/ReactElementValidator-test.js b/src/classic/element/__tests__/ReactElementValidator-test.js
index 7bfc37ff35..a922ffbbbb 100644
--- a/src/classic/element/__tests__/ReactElementValidator-test.js
+++ b/src/classic/element/__tests__/ReactElementValidator-test.js
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 // classic JS without JSX.
 
 var React;
+var ReactFragment;
 var ReactTestUtils;
 
 describe('ReactElementValidator', function() {
@@ -24,12 +25,17 @@ describe('ReactElementValidator', function() {
     require('mock-modules').dumpCache();
 
     React = require('React');
+    ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
     ReactTestUtils = require('ReactTestUtils');
     ComponentClass = React.createClass({
       render: function() { return React.createElement('div'); }
     });
   });
 
+  function frag(obj) {
+    return ReactFragment.create(obj);
+  }
+
   it('warns for keys for arrays of elements in rest args', function() {
     spyOn(console, 'warn');
     var Component = React.createFactory(ComponentClass);
@@ -135,7 +141,7 @@ describe('ReactElementValidator', function() {
     spyOn(console, 'warn');
     var Component = React.createFactory(ComponentClass);
 
-    Component(null, { 1: Component(), 2: Component() });
+    Component(null, frag({ 1: Component(), 2: Component() }));
 
     expect(console.warn.argsForCall.length).toBe(1);
     expect(console.warn.argsForCall[0][0]).toContain(
@@ -316,4 +322,12 @@ describe('ReactElementValidator', function() {
     expect(console.warn.calls.length).toBe(2);
   });
 
+  it('should warn if a fragment is used without the wrapper', function () {
+    spyOn(console, 'warn');
+    var child = React.createElement('span');
+    React.createElement('div', null, { a: child, b: child });
+    expect(console.warn.calls.length).toBe(1);
+    expect(console.warn.calls[0].args[0]).toContain('use of a keyed object');
+  });
+
 });
diff --git a/src/core/__tests__/ReactIdentity-test.js b/src/core/__tests__/ReactIdentity-test.js
index 366920db19..c93ecdd450 100644
--- a/src/core/__tests__/ReactIdentity-test.js
+++ b/src/core/__tests__/ReactIdentity-test.js
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 'use strict';
 
 var React;
+var ReactFragment;
 var ReactTestUtils;
 var reactComponentExpect;
 var ReactMount;
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ describe('ReactIdentity', function() {
   beforeEach(function() {
     require('mock-modules').dumpCache();
     React = require('React');
+    ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
     ReactTestUtils = require('ReactTestUtils');
     reactComponentExpect = require('reactComponentExpect');
     ReactMount = require('ReactMount');
@@ -35,13 +37,17 @@ describe('ReactIdentity', function() {
     expect(actual[1]).toEqual(expected[1]);
   }
 
+  function frag(obj) {
+    return ReactFragment.create(obj);
+  }
+
   it('should allow keyed objects to express identity', function() {
     var instance =
       <div>
-        {{
+        {frag({
           first: <div />,
           second: <div />
-        }}
+        })}
       </div>;
 
     instance = React.render(instance, document.createElement('div'));
@@ -106,7 +112,7 @@ describe('ReactIdentity', function() {
 
         var map = {};
         map[key] = span2;
-        return <div>{[span1, map]}</div>;
+        return <div>{[span1, frag(map)]}</div>;
       }
 
     });
diff --git a/src/core/__tests__/ReactMultiChildReconcile-test.js b/src/core/__tests__/ReactMultiChildReconcile-test.js
index 4948e8f39c..ebbe661d83 100644
--- a/src/core/__tests__/ReactMultiChildReconcile-test.js
+++ b/src/core/__tests__/ReactMultiChildReconcile-test.js
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ var stripEmptyValues = function(obj) {
  * here. This relies on an implementation detail of the rendering system.
  */
 var getOriginalKey = function(childName) {
-  var match = childName.match(/^\.\$([^.]+)\:0$/);
+  var match = childName.match(/^\.\$([^.]+)$/);
   expect(match).not.toBeNull();
   return match[1];
 };
@@ -107,13 +107,14 @@ var FriendsStatusDisplay = React.createClass({
     return res;
   },
   render: function() {
-    var children = null;
+    var children = [];
     var key;
     for (key in this.props.usernameToStatus) {
       var status = this.props.usernameToStatus[key];
-      children = children || {};
-      children[key] = !status ? null :
-          <StatusDisplay ref={key} status={status} />;
+      children.push(
+        !status ? null :
+        <StatusDisplay key={key} ref={key} status={status} />
+      );
     }
     return (
       <div>
diff --git a/src/core/__tests__/ReactMultiChildText-test.js b/src/core/__tests__/ReactMultiChildText-test.js
index 0efdc812fc..764dd1b746 100644
--- a/src/core/__tests__/ReactMultiChildText-test.js
+++ b/src/core/__tests__/ReactMultiChildText-test.js
@@ -16,10 +16,13 @@
 require('mock-modules');
 
 var React = require('React');
+var ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
 var ReactTestUtils = require('ReactTestUtils');
 
 var reactComponentExpect = require('reactComponentExpect');
 
+var frag = ReactFragment.create;
+
 // Helpers
 var testAllPermutations = function(testCases) {
   for (var i = 0; i < testCases.length; i += 2) {
@@ -182,18 +185,18 @@ describe('ReactMultiChildText', function() {
       ['', 'foo', [true, <div />, 1.2, ''], 'foo'], ['', 'foo', <div />, '1.2', '', 'foo'],
 
       // values inside objects
-      [{a: true}, {a: true}], [],
-      [{a: 1.2}, {a: 1.2}], ['1.2', '1.2'],
-      [{a: ''}, {a: ''}], ['', ''],
-      [{a: 'foo'}, {a: 'foo'}], ['foo', 'foo'],
-      [{a: <div />}, {a: <div />}], [<div />, <div />],
+      [frag({a: true}), frag({a: true})], [],
+      [frag({a: 1.2}), frag({a: 1.2})], ['1.2', '1.2'],
+      [frag({a: ''}), frag({a: ''})], ['', ''],
+      [frag({a: 'foo'}), frag({a: 'foo'})], ['foo', 'foo'],
+      [frag({a: <div />}), frag({a: <div />})], [<div />, <div />],
 
-      [{a: true, b: 1.2, c: <div />}, '', 'foo'], ['1.2', <div />, '', 'foo'],
-      [1.2, '', {a: <div />, b: 'foo', c: true}], ['1.2', '', <div />, 'foo'],
-      ['', {a: 'foo', b: <div />, c: true}, 1.2], ['', 'foo', <div />, '1.2'],
+      [frag({a: true, b: 1.2, c: <div />}), '', 'foo'], ['1.2', <div />, '', 'foo'],
+      [1.2, '', frag({a: <div />, b: 'foo', c: true})], ['1.2', '', <div />, 'foo'],
+      ['', frag({a: 'foo', b: <div />, c: true}), 1.2], ['', 'foo', <div />, '1.2'],
 
-      [true, {a: 1.2, b: '', c: <div />, d: 'foo'}, true, 1.2], ['1.2', '', <div />, 'foo', '1.2'],
-      ['', 'foo', {a: true, b: <div />, c: 1.2, d: ''}, 'foo'], ['', 'foo', <div />, '1.2', '', 'foo'],
+      [true, frag({a: 1.2, b: '', c: <div />, d: 'foo'}), true, 1.2], ['1.2', '', <div />, 'foo', '1.2'],
+      ['', 'foo', frag({a: true, b: <div />, c: 1.2, d: ''}), 'foo'], ['', 'foo', <div />, '1.2', '', 'foo'],
 
       // values inside elements
       [<div>{true}{1.2}{<div />}</div>, '', 'foo'], [<div />, '', 'foo'],
diff --git a/src/modern/element/__tests__/ReactJSXElementValidator-test.js b/src/modern/element/__tests__/ReactJSXElementValidator-test.js
index c1c05fb946..d664a24d27 100644
--- a/src/modern/element/__tests__/ReactJSXElementValidator-test.js
+++ b/src/modern/element/__tests__/ReactJSXElementValidator-test.js
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 // of dynamic errors when using JSX with Flow.
 
 var React;
+var ReactFragment;
 var ReactTestUtils;
 
 describe('ReactJSXElementValidator', function() {
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ describe('ReactJSXElementValidator', function() {
     require('mock-modules').dumpCache();
 
     React = require('React');
+    ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
     ReactTestUtils = require('ReactTestUtils');
 
     Component = class {
@@ -31,6 +33,10 @@ describe('ReactJSXElementValidator', function() {
     };
   });
 
+  function frag(obj) {
+    return ReactFragment.create(obj);
+  }
+
   it('warns for keys for arrays of elements in children position', function() {
     spyOn(console, 'warn');
 
@@ -128,7 +134,7 @@ describe('ReactJSXElementValidator', function() {
   it('warns for numeric keys on objects as children', function() {
     spyOn(console, 'warn');
 
-    <Component>{{ 1: <Component />, 2: <Component /> }}</Component>;
+    <Component>{frag({ 1: <Component />, 2: <Component /> })}</Component>;
 
     expect(console.warn.argsForCall.length).toBe(1);
     expect(console.warn.argsForCall[0][0]).toContain(
diff --git a/src/utils/ReactChildren.js b/src/utils/ReactChildren.js
index 24edcd42e6..4109557dde 100644
--- a/src/utils/ReactChildren.js
+++ b/src/utils/ReactChildren.js
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 'use strict';
 
 var PooledClass = require('PooledClass');
+var ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
 
 var traverseAllChildren = require('traverseAllChildren');
 var warning = require('warning');
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ function mapChildren(children, func, context) {
   var traverseContext = MapBookKeeping.getPooled(mapResult, func, context);
   traverseAllChildren(children, mapSingleChildIntoContext, traverseContext);
   MapBookKeeping.release(traverseContext);
-  return mapResult;
+  return ReactFragment.create(mapResult);
 }
 
 function forEachSingleChildDummy(traverseContext, child, name, i) {
diff --git a/src/utils/__tests__/ReactChildren-test.js b/src/utils/__tests__/ReactChildren-test.js
index 550af41eb7..8a271de6be 100644
--- a/src/utils/__tests__/ReactChildren-test.js
+++ b/src/utils/__tests__/ReactChildren-test.js
@@ -14,12 +14,31 @@
 describe('ReactChildren', function() {
   var ReactChildren;
   var React;
+  var ReactFragment;
 
   beforeEach(function() {
     ReactChildren = require('ReactChildren');
     React = require('React');
+    ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
   });
 
+  function frag(obj) {
+    return ReactFragment.create(obj);
+  }
+
+  function nthChild(mappedChildren, n) {
+    var result = null;
+    ReactChildren.forEach(mappedChildren, function(child, index) {
+      if (index === n) {
+        result = child;
+      }
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  function keyOfNthChild(mappedChildren, n) {
+    return Object.keys(ReactFragment.extract(mappedChildren))[n];
+  }
 
   it('should support identity for simple', function() {
     var callback = jasmine.createSpy().andCallFake(function(kid, index) {
@@ -37,7 +56,7 @@ describe('ReactChildren', function() {
     callback.reset();
     var mappedChildren = ReactChildren.map(instance.props.children, callback);
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(simpleKid, 0);
-    expect(mappedChildren[Object.keys(mappedChildren)[0]]).toBe(simpleKid);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 0)).toBe(simpleKid);
   });
 
   it('should treat single arrayless child as being in array', function() {
@@ -52,7 +71,7 @@ describe('ReactChildren', function() {
     callback.reset();
     var mappedChildren = ReactChildren.map(instance.props.children, callback);
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(simpleKid, 0);
-    expect(mappedChildren[Object.keys(mappedChildren)[0]]).toBe(simpleKid);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 0)).toBe(simpleKid);
   });
 
   it('should treat single child in array as expected', function() {
@@ -67,7 +86,7 @@ describe('ReactChildren', function() {
     callback.reset();
     var mappedChildren = ReactChildren.map(instance.props.children, callback);
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(simpleKid, 0);
-    expect(mappedChildren[Object.keys(mappedChildren)[0]]).toBe(simpleKid);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 0)).toBe(simpleKid);
   });
 
   it('should pass key to returned component', function() {
@@ -80,11 +99,10 @@ describe('ReactChildren', function() {
     var instance = <div>{simpleKid}</div>;
     var mappedChildren = ReactChildren.map(instance.props.children, mapFn);
 
-    var mappedKeys = Object.keys(mappedChildren);
-    expect(mappedKeys.length).toBe(1);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[0]]).not.toBe(simpleKid);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[0]].props.children).toBe(simpleKid);
-    expect(mappedKeys[0]).toBe('.$simple');
+    expect(ReactChildren.count(mappedChildren)).toBe(1);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 0)).not.toBe(simpleKid);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 0).props.children).toBe(simpleKid);
+    expect(keyOfNthChild(mappedChildren, 0)).toBe('.$simple');
   });
 
   it('should invoke callback with the right context', function() {
@@ -94,7 +112,8 @@ describe('ReactChildren', function() {
       return this;
     };
 
-    var scopeTester = {};
+    // TODO: Use an object to test, after non-object fragments has fully landed.
+    var scopeTester = 'scope tester';
 
     var simpleKid = <span key="simple" />;
     var instance = <div>{simpleKid}</div>;
@@ -104,9 +123,8 @@ describe('ReactChildren', function() {
     var mappedChildren =
       ReactChildren.map(instance.props.children, callback, scopeTester);
 
-    var mappedKeys = Object.keys(mappedChildren);
-    expect(mappedKeys.length).toBe(1);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[0]]).toBe(scopeTester);
+    expect(ReactChildren.count(mappedChildren)).toBe(1);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 0)).toBe(scopeTester);
   });
 
   it('should be called for each child', function() {
@@ -149,28 +167,33 @@ describe('ReactChildren', function() {
 
     var mappedChildren =
       ReactChildren.map(instance.props.children, callback);
-    var mappedKeys = Object.keys(mappedChildren);
     expect(callback.calls.length).toBe(5);
-    expect(mappedKeys.length).toBe(5);
+    expect(ReactChildren.count(mappedChildren)).toBe(5);
     // Keys default to indices.
-    expect(mappedKeys).toEqual(
+    expect([
+      keyOfNthChild(mappedChildren, 0),
+      keyOfNthChild(mappedChildren, 1),
+      keyOfNthChild(mappedChildren, 2),
+      keyOfNthChild(mappedChildren, 3),
+      keyOfNthChild(mappedChildren, 4)
+    ]).toEqual(
       ['.$keyZero', '.1', '.$keyTwo', '.3', '.$keyFour']
     );
 
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(zero, 0);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[0]]).toBe(zeroMapped);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 0)).toBe(zeroMapped);
 
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(one, 1);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[1]]).toBe(oneMapped);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 1)).toBe(oneMapped);
 
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(two, 2);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[2]]).toBe(twoMapped);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 2)).toBe(twoMapped);
 
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(three, 3);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[3]]).toBe(threeMapped);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 3)).toBe(threeMapped);
 
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(four, 4);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[4]]).toBe(fourMapped);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 4)).toBe(fourMapped);
   });
 
 
@@ -204,11 +227,11 @@ describe('ReactChildren', function() {
 
     var instance = (
       <div>{
-        [{
+        [frag({
           firstHalfKey: [zero, one, two],
           secondHalfKey: [three, four],
           keyFive: five
-        }]
+        })]
       }</div>
     );
 
@@ -222,11 +245,17 @@ describe('ReactChildren', function() {
     callback.reset();
 
     var mappedChildren = ReactChildren.map(instance.props.children, callback);
-    var mappedKeys = Object.keys(mappedChildren);
     expect(callback.calls.length).toBe(6);
-    expect(mappedKeys.length).toBe(6);
+    expect(ReactChildren.count(mappedChildren)).toBe(6);
     // Keys default to indices.
-    expect(mappedKeys).toEqual([
+    expect([
+      keyOfNthChild(mappedChildren, 0),
+      keyOfNthChild(mappedChildren, 1),
+      keyOfNthChild(mappedChildren, 2),
+      keyOfNthChild(mappedChildren, 3),
+      keyOfNthChild(mappedChildren, 4),
+      keyOfNthChild(mappedChildren, 5)
+    ]).toEqual([
       '.0:$firstHalfKey:0:$keyZero',
       '.0:$firstHalfKey:0:1',
       '.0:$firstHalfKey:0:$keyTwo',
@@ -236,22 +265,22 @@ describe('ReactChildren', function() {
     ]);
 
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(zero, 0);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[0]]).toBe(zeroMapped);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 0)).toBe(zeroMapped);
 
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(one, 1);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[1]]).toBe(oneMapped);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 1)).toBe(oneMapped);
 
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(two, 2);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[2]]).toBe(twoMapped);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 2)).toBe(twoMapped);
 
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(three, 3);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[3]]).toBe(threeMapped);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 3)).toBe(threeMapped);
 
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(four, 4);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[4]]).toBe(fourMapped);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 4)).toBe(fourMapped);
 
     expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(five, 5);
-    expect(mappedChildren[mappedKeys[5]]).toBe(fiveMapped);
+    expect(nthChild(mappedChildren, 5)).toBe(fiveMapped);
   });
 
   it('should retain key across two mappings', function() {
@@ -325,7 +354,8 @@ describe('ReactChildren', function() {
     var mapped = ReactChildren.map(instance.props.children, mapFn);
 
     expect(console.warn.calls.length).toEqual(1);
-    expect(mapped).toEqual({'.$something': zero});
+    expect(nthChild(mapped, 0)).toBe(zero);
+    expect(keyOfNthChild(mapped, 0)).toBe('.$something');
   });
 
   it('should return 0 for null children', function() {
@@ -380,14 +410,49 @@ describe('ReactChildren', function() {
 
     var instance = (
       <div>{
-        [{
+        [frag({
           firstHalfKey: [zero, one, two],
           secondHalfKey: [three, four],
           keyFive: five
-        }]
+        })]
       }</div>
     );
     var numberOfChildren = ReactChildren.count(instance.props.children);
     expect(numberOfChildren).toBe(6);
   });
+
+  it('should warn if a fragment is used without the wrapper', function () {
+    spyOn(console, 'warn');
+    var child = React.createElement('span');
+    ReactChildren.forEach({ a: child, b: child}, function(c) {
+      expect(c).toBe(child);
+    });
+    expect(console.warn.calls.length).toBe(1);
+    expect(console.warn.calls[0].args[0]).toContain('use of a keyed object');
+  });
+
+  it('should warn if a fragment is accessed', function () {
+    spyOn(console, 'warn');
+    var child = React.createElement('span');
+    var frag = ReactChildren.map([ child, child ], function(c) {
+      return c;
+    });
+    for (var key in frag) {
+      frag[key];
+      break;
+    }
+    expect(console.warn.calls.length).toBe(1);
+    expect(console.warn.calls[0].args[0]).toContain('is an opaque type');
+
+    var frag2 = ReactChildren.map([ child, child ], function(c) {
+      return c;
+    });
+    for (var key in frag2) {
+      frag2[key] = 123;
+      break;
+    }
+    expect(console.warn.calls.length).toBe(2);
+    expect(console.warn.calls[1].args[0]).toContain('is an immutable opaque');
+  });
+
 });
diff --git a/src/utils/__tests__/onlyChild-test.js b/src/utils/__tests__/onlyChild-test.js
index 835bf794d9..29a7c77226 100644
--- a/src/utils/__tests__/onlyChild-test.js
+++ b/src/utils/__tests__/onlyChild-test.js
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@
 describe('onlyChild', function() {
 
   var React;
+  var ReactFragment;
   var onlyChild;
   var WrapComponent;
 
   beforeEach(function() {
     React = require('React');
+    ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
     onlyChild = require('onlyChild');
     WrapComponent = React.createClass({
       render: function() {
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ describe('onlyChild', function() {
     expect(function() {
       var instance =
         <WrapComponent>
-          {{oneThing: <span />}}
+          {ReactFragment.create({oneThing: <span />})}
         </WrapComponent>;
       onlyChild(instance.props.children);
     }).toThrow();
diff --git a/src/utils/__tests__/sliceChildren-test.js b/src/utils/__tests__/sliceChildren-test.js
index 47afb17d86..065da44697 100644
--- a/src/utils/__tests__/sliceChildren-test.js
+++ b/src/utils/__tests__/sliceChildren-test.js
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 describe('sliceChildren', function() {
 
   var React;
+  var ReactFragment;
   var ReactTestUtils;
 
   var sliceChildren;
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ describe('sliceChildren', function() {
 
   beforeEach(function() {
     React = require('React');
+    ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
     ReactTestUtils = require('ReactTestUtils');
 
     sliceChildren = require('sliceChildren');
@@ -52,6 +54,11 @@ describe('sliceChildren', function() {
     return rendered.props.children;
   }
 
+  function testKeyValuePairs(children, expectedPairs) {
+    var obj = ReactFragment.extract(children);
+    expect(obj).toEqual(expectedPairs);
+  }
+
   it('should render the whole set if start zero is supplied', function() {
     var fullSet = [
       <div key="A" />,
@@ -59,7 +66,7 @@ describe('sliceChildren', function() {
       <div key="C" />
     ];
     var children = renderAndSlice(fullSet, 0);
-    expect(children).toEqual({
+    testKeyValuePairs(children, {
       '.$A': fullSet[0],
       '.$B': fullSet[1],
       '.$C': fullSet[2]
@@ -73,7 +80,7 @@ describe('sliceChildren', function() {
       <div key="C" />
     ];
     var children = renderAndSlice(fullSet, 1);
-    expect(children).toEqual({
+    testKeyValuePairs(children, {
       '.$B': fullSet[1],
       '.$C': fullSet[2]
     });
@@ -87,7 +94,7 @@ describe('sliceChildren', function() {
       <div key="D" />
     ];
     var children = renderAndSlice(fullSet, 1, 2);
-    expect(children).toEqual({
+    testKeyValuePairs(children, {
       '.$B': fullSet[1]
     });
   });
@@ -103,7 +110,7 @@ describe('sliceChildren', function() {
       .expectRenderedChild()
       .instance();
 
-    expect(rendered.props.children).toEqual({
+    testKeyValuePairs(rendered.props.children, {
       '.1': b
     });
   });
diff --git a/src/utils/__tests__/traverseAllChildren-test.js b/src/utils/__tests__/traverseAllChildren-test.js
index c32e07c66d..91b51f0292 100644
--- a/src/utils/__tests__/traverseAllChildren-test.js
+++ b/src/utils/__tests__/traverseAllChildren-test.js
@@ -14,11 +14,16 @@
 describe('traverseAllChildren', function() {
   var traverseAllChildren;
   var React;
+  var ReactFragment;
   beforeEach(function() {
     traverseAllChildren = require('traverseAllChildren');
     React = require('React');
+    ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
   });
 
+  function frag(obj) {
+    return ReactFragment.create(obj);
+  }
 
   it('should support identity for simple', function() {
     var traverseContext = [];
@@ -139,8 +144,8 @@ describe('traverseAllChildren', function() {
     var instance = (
       <div>
         {div}
-        {[{span}]}
-        {{a: a}}
+        {[frag({span})]}
+        {frag({a: a})}
         {'string'}
         {1234}
         {true}
@@ -206,11 +211,11 @@ describe('traverseAllChildren', function() {
 
     var instance = (
       <div>{
-        [{
+        [frag({
           firstHalfKey: [zero, one, two],
           secondHalfKey: [three, four],
           keyFive: five
-        }]
+        })]
       }</div>
     );
 
diff --git a/src/utils/sliceChildren.js b/src/utils/sliceChildren.js
index fee13fc6c0..22a01dea14 100644
--- a/src/utils/sliceChildren.js
+++ b/src/utils/sliceChildren.js
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 
 'use strict';
 
+var ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
+
 var flattenChildren = require('flattenChildren');
 
 /**
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ function sliceChildren(children, start, end) {
       break;
     }
   }
-  return slicedChildren;
+  return ReactFragment.create(slicedChildren);
 }
 
 module.exports = sliceChildren;
diff --git a/src/utils/traverseAllChildren.js b/src/utils/traverseAllChildren.js
index d0a31fd489..da8fd53bb9 100644
--- a/src/utils/traverseAllChildren.js
+++ b/src/utils/traverseAllChildren.js
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 'use strict';
 
 var ReactElement = require('ReactElement');
+var ReactFragment = require('ReactFragment');
 var ReactInstanceHandles = require('ReactInstanceHandles');
 
 var getIteratorFn = require('getIteratorFn');
@@ -184,9 +185,10 @@ function traverseAllChildrenImpl(
         'traverseAllChildren(...): Encountered an invalid child; DOM ' +
         'elements are not valid children of React components.'
       );
-      for (var key in children) {
-        if (children.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
-          child = children[key];
+      var fragment = ReactFragment.extract(children);
+      for (var key in fragment) {
+        if (fragment.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+          child = fragment[key];
           nextName = (
             (nameSoFar !== '' ? nameSoFar + SUBSEPARATOR : SEPARATOR) +
             wrapUserProvidedKey(key) + SUBSEPARATOR +